| Epoxy resin (EP) is an important thermosetting polymer with excellent adhesion, corrosion resistance, and electrical insulation, widely used in composites and electronic packaging. However, its flammability and poor toughness limit high-end applications. Polyamide elastomers, containing flexible long chains and polar amide groups, are ideal toughening modifiers for EP. With the advancement of green chemistry, developing bio-based high-performance polymers has become a research frontier. This study designed a phosphorus-containing flame-retardant polyamide elastomer (FR-PA) using bio-based monomers including amino-caprolactam (ACL) and furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA). FR-PA was blended with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (E51) and cured to prepare flame-retardant epoxy composites (FR-EP). Results showed that with 25wt% FR-PA, the initial decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature were 330°C and 147°C, respectively, maintaining excellent thermal stability. The limiting oxygen index reached 32.29% with UL-94 V-0 rating. Tensile strength, flexural strength, and fracture energy increased by 35%, 20%, and 81% compared to neat EP. Additionally, FR-EP exhibited photoluminescence under 360 ~ 500 nm excitation, emitting 450 ~ 600 nm light, showing potential in anti-counterfeiting and damage detection. This work provides a feasible approach for bio-based flame-retardant toughened epoxy composites. |
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